@article{schmid_digital_2024,
title = {Digital {Resilience} in {Dealing} with {Misinformation} on {Social} {Media} during {COVID}-19: {A} {Web} {Application} to {Assist} {Users} in {Crises}},
volume = {26},
issn = {1572-9419},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10347-5},
doi = {10.1007/s10796-022-10347-5},
abstract = {In crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial to support users when dealing with social media content. Considering digital resilience, we propose a web app based on Social Network Analysis (SNA) to provide an overview of potentially misleading vs. non-misleading content on Twitter, which can be explored by users and enable foundational learning. The latter aims at systematically identifying thematic patterns which may be associated with misleading information. Additionally, it entails reflecting on indicators of misleading tweets which are proposed to approach classification of tweets. Paying special attention to non-expert users of social media, we conducted a two-step Think Aloud study for evaluation. While participants valued the opportunity to generate new knowledge and the diversity of the application, qualities such as equality and rapidity may be further improved. However, learning effects outweighed individual costs as all users were able to shift focus onto relevant features, such as hashtags, while readily pointing out content characteristics. Our design artifact connects to learning-oriented interventions regarding the spread of misleading information and tackles information overload by a SNA-based plug-in.},
number = {2},
journal = {Information Systems Frontiers (ISF)},
author = {Schmid, Stefka and Hartwig, Katrin and Cieslinski, Robert and Reuter, Christian},
month = apr,
year = {2024},
keywords = {Projekt-TraCe, Student, Crisis, A-Paper, Projekt-NEBULA},
pages = {477--499},
}

@article{hartwig_misleading_2024,
title = {Misleading {Information} in {Crises}: {Exploring} {Content}-specific {Indicators} on {Twitter} from a {User} {Perspective}},
issn = {0144-929X},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2024.2373166},
doi = {10.1080/0144929X.2024.2373166},
abstract = {Recent crises like the COVID-19 pandemic provoked an increasing appearance of misleading information,
emphasizing the need for effective user-centered countermeasures as an important field in HCI research. This
work investigates how content-specific user-centered indicators can contribute to an informed approach to
misleading information. In a threefold study, we conducted an in-depth content analysis of 2,382 German
tweets on Twitter (now X) to identify topical (e.g., 5G), formal (e.g., links), and rhetorical (e.g., sarcasm)
characteristics through manual coding, followed by a qualitative online survey to evaluate which indicators
users already use autonomously to assess a tweet’s credibility. Subsequently, in a think-aloud study participants
qualitatively evaluated the identified indicators in terms of perceived comprehensibility and usefulness. While
a number of indicators were found to be particularly comprehensible and useful (e.g., claim for absolute truth
and rhetorical questions), our findings reveal limitations of indicator-based interventions, particularly for
people with entrenched conspiracy theory views. We derive four implications for digitally supporting users in
dealing with misleading information, especially during crises.},
journal = {Behaviour \& Information Technology (BIT)},
author = {Hartwig, Katrin and Schmid, Stefka and Biselli, Tom and Pleil, Helene and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2024},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, A-Paper, Projekt-ATHENE-PriVis, Projekt-NEBULA, Ranking-CORE-A, Ranking-ImpactFactor},
pages = {1--34},
}

@article{schmid_trust_2024,
title = {Trust in {Artificial} {Intelligence}: {Producing} {Ontological} {Security} through {Governmental} {Visions}},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/00108367241288073},
doi = {10.1177/00108367241288073},
abstract = {With developments in Artificial Intelligence widely framed as security concern in both military and civilian realms, governments have turned their attention to regulating and governing AI. In a study of US, Chinese, and EU AI documents, we go beyond instrumental understandings of AI as a technological capability, which serves states' self-interests and the maintenance of their (supra)national security. Our specific interest lies in how AI policies tap into both problem-solving approaches and affective registers to achieve both physical as well as ontological security. We find that in governmental visions, AI is perceived as a capability that enhances societal, and geopolitical interests while its risks are framed as manageable. This echoes strands within Human-Computer Interaction that draw on human-centered perceptions of technology and assumptions about human-AI relationships of trust. Despite different cultural and institutional settings, the visions of future AI development are shaped by this (shared) understanding of human-AI interaction, offering common ground in the navigation of innovation policies.},
journal = {Cooperation and Conflict},
author = {Schmid, Stefka and Pham, Bao-Chau and Ferl, Anna-Katharina},
year = {2024},
keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, AuswahlPeace},
}

@article{schmid_digital_2023,
title = {Digital {Volunteers} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}: {Care} {Work} on {Social} {Media} for {Socio}-technical {Resilience}},
volume = {3},
issn = {2748-5625},
url = {https://ojs.weizenbaum-institut.de/index.php/wjds/article/view/78},
doi = {10.34669/WI.WJDS/3.3.6},
abstract = {Like past crises, the COVID-19 pandemic has also activated individual volunteers to help to respond to the crisis. This includes digital volunteers, who have organized physical aid and conducted activities on social media. Analyzing German volunteering support groups on Facebook and related Reddit threads in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we {\textbackslash}updatedshow what type of help is offered and how social media users interact with each other, trying to cope with the situation. We reveal that most users offering help online conduct mostly typical care work, such as buying groceries or giving advice. Crucially, volunteering is characterized by relationships of care and thus builds on affirmative interactions. Albeit some misdirected offers and regressive interruptions, people use the possibility to make their voices heard and, showing empathy, help each other to cope with crisis. Social media like Facebook mediate societal structures, including relationships of care, offering a space for continuous, cumulatively resilient conduct of care work. Reflecting on the traditional division of labor in crisis volunteering and counter-productive dynamics of care and empathy, we aim for feminist ethics of care which allows for interactions on social media that foster generative computer-supported collaboration.},
number = {1},
journal = {Weizenbaum Journal of the Digital Society},
author = {Schmid, Stefka and Guntrum, Laura and Haesler, Steffen and Schultheiß, Lisa and Reuter, Christian},
month = may,
year = {2023},
keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, Student, Crisis, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, SocialMedia},
}

@article{reuter_zur_2022,
title = {Zur {Schnittmenge} von {Informatik} mit {Friedens}- und {Sicherheitsforschung}: {Erfahrungen} aus der interdisziplinären {Lehre} in der {Friedensinformatik}},
volume = {11},
issn = {2524-6976},
url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42597-022-00078-4.pdf},
doi = {10.1007/s42597-022-00078-4},
abstract = {Interdisziplinäre Forschung und Lehre zwischen Informatik sowie Friedens- und Sicherheitsforschung ist vor dem Hintergrund, dass Konflikte im Cyberspace nicht mehr eine in der Zukunft liegende Fiktion, sondern eine realitätsnahe Möglichkeit darstellen, unabdingbar. Auch wenn zahlreiche etablierte Lehrveranstaltungen und Lehrbücher in der einen oder anderen Disziplin existieren, gilt dies nicht für deren Schnittmenge. Dieser Beitrag reflektiert die Einführung der in Bezug auf Thematik und Hörer*innenschaft interdisziplinären Lehrveranstaltung „Informationstechnologie für Frieden und Sicherheit“ für Studierende der Informatik, IT-Sicherheit und Wirtschaftsinformatik der Technischen Universität Darmstadt, sowie Friedens- und Konfliktforschung der TU Darmstadt in Kooperation mit der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt. Hierbei werden Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze der interdisziplinären Lehre dargestellt und die Bedeutung dieser Lehre hervorgehoben.},
number = {2},
journal = {Zeitschrift für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung (ZeFKo)},
author = {Reuter, Christian and Riebe, Thea and Haunschild, Jasmin and Reinhold, Thomas and Schmid, Stefka},
month = oct,
year = {2022},
keywords = {Peace, Security},
pages = {129--140},
}

@article{schmid_trustworthy_2022,
title = {Trustworthy and {Explainable}: {A} {European} {Vision} of ({Weaponised}) {Artificial} {Intelligence}},
volume = {95},
url = {https://elibrary.bwv-verlag.de/article/10.35998/fw-2022-0013},
doi = {10.35998/fw-2022-0013},
abstract = {The European Union (EU) has undertaken policies which address the research and development of artificial intelligence (AI). In light of debates of technology assessment which focus on risks for humans and questions of control of AI, the EU has propagated an ethical, human-centred approach of the application of AI. It is important to identify how the EU envisions AI as this may guide emerging norms in AI governance and today’s research and development of (weaponised) AI. Building on works of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), this work derives the actor’s understanding of human-AI interaction, including conceptualisations of explainability, interpretability, and risks. Analysis of EU documents on the implementation of AI as a general-purpose technology and for military application reveals that explainability and risk identification are crucial elements for trust, which itself is a necessary component in the uptake of AI. Interdisciplinary approaches allow for a more detailed understanding of actors’ fundamental views on human control of AI, which further contributes to debates on technology assessment in professionalised political contexts.},
number = {3-4},
journal = {Die Friedens-Warte / Journal of International Peace and Organization (JIPO)},
author = {Schmid, Stefka},
year = {2022},
keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban},
pages = {290--315},
}

@article{schmid_dual-use_2022,
title = {Dual-{Use} and {Trustworthy}? {A} {Mixed} {Methods} {Analysis} of {AI} {Diffusion} between {Civilian} and {Defense} {R}\&{D}},
volume = {28},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2022/2022_SchmidRiebeReuter_DualUseandTrustworthy_ScienceEngineeringEthics.pdf},
doi = {10.1007/s11948-022-00364-7},
abstract = {Artificial Intelligence (AI) seems to be impacting all industry sectors, while becoming a motor for innovation. The diffusion of AI from the civilian sector to the defense sector, and AI’s dual-use potential has drawn attention from security and ethics scholars. With the publication of the ethical guideline Trustworthy AI by the European Union (EU), normative questions on the application of AI have been further evaluated. In order to draw conclusions on Trustworthy AI as a point of reference for responsible research and development (R\&D), we approach the diffusion of AI across both civilian and military spheres in the EU. We capture the extent of technological diffusion and derive European and German patent citation networks. Both networks indicate a low degree of diffusion of AI between civilian and defense sectors. A qualitative investigation of project descriptions of a research institute’s work in both civilian and military fields shows that military AI applications stress accuracy or robustness, while civilian AI reflects a focus on human-centric values. Our work represents a first approach by linking processes of technology diffusion with normative evaluations of R\&D.},
number = {12},
journal = {Science and Engineering Ethics},
author = {Schmid, Stefka and Riebe, Thea and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2022},
keywords = {Peace, Projekt-CYWARN, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, AuswahlPeace, Projekt-KontiKat},
pages = {1--23},
}

@article{riebe_measuring_2021,
title = {Measuring {Spillover} {Effects} from {Defense} to {Civilian} {Sectors} – {A} {Quantitative} {Approach} {Using} {LinkedIn}},
volume = {32},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2021/2021_RiebeSchmidReuter_SpilloverEffectsDefensetoCivilianLinkedIn_PDE.pdf},
doi = {10.1080/10242694.2020.1755787},
abstract = {Spillover effects describe the process of a company benefiting from the R\&D activities of another one and thereby gaining an economic advantage. One prominent approach for measuring spillover effects is based on the analysis of patent citation networks. Taking social media analytics and knowledge economics into account, this paper presents a complementary approach to quantify spillover effects from defense to civilian research and development, analyzing 513 employment biographies from the social network LinkedIn. Using descriptive network analysis, we investigate the emigration of personnel of the German defense industry to other civilian producers. Thereby, our study reveals that in the last decade, employees of defense suppliers have changed positions significantly less often, with 3.24 changes on average than professionals who have worked more than 50\% of their jobs in the civilian sector, having changed 4.61 times on average. Our work illustrates the churn behavior and how spillover effects between defense and civilian sectors can be measured using social career networks such as LinkedIn.},
number = {7},
journal = {Defence and Peace Economics},
author = {Riebe, Thea and Schmid, Stefka and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2021},
keywords = {Peace, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, A-Paper, Selected, Ranking-ImpactFactor, Cyberwar, AuswahlPeace, Projekt-DualUse},
pages = {773--785},
}

@article{haesler_stronger_2021,
title = {Stronger {Together}: {How} {Neighborhood} {Groups} {Build} up a {Virtual} {Network} during the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},
volume = {5},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2021/2021_HaeslerSchmidVierneiselReuter_StrongerTogetherVirtualNetworkCOVID19_CSCW.pdf},
abstract = {During crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, people spontaneously initiate support groups, while establishedorganizations like soccer clubs set non-regular goals, both offering help. Interested in the coordination of suchhelp and potential challenges of collaboration, we conducted a virtual ethnography of a multi-level networklocated in Germany. We focused on aims, activities, and technological mediation, with Activity Theory astheoretical framework. Our findings show that the organizational aim of coordinating help was successfullyachieved by connecting heterogeneous actors through digitization and institutionalization. Enabled by thecontext of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the network acted virtually, but was also able to integrate analogspaces of help. We identified six crucial implications regarding the use of technology and collaboration forbuilding a successful volunteering network.},
number = {CSCW2},
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing},
author = {Haesler, Steffen and Schmid, Stefka and Vierneisel, Annemike Sophia and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2021},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, A-Paper, Selected, AuswahlCrisis, Ranking-CORE-A},
}

@article{riebe_meaningful_2020,
title = {Meaningful {Human} {Control} of {Lethal} {Autonomous} {Weapon} {Systems}: {The} {CCW}-{Debate} and its {Implications} for {Value}-{Sensitive} {Design}},
volume = {39},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2020/2020_RiebeSchmidReuter_MHC_IEEETechScieMag.pdf},
doi = {10.1109/MTS.2020.3031846},
abstract = {The debate on the development and deployment of lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) as an emerging technology is of increasing importance, with discussions stalling and technological development progressing. Monitoring the progress of increasingly autonomous weapons systems in civilian and military use as well as regulating possible autonomous systems early on is demanded by civil society actors, like the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), while nation states follow a variety of interests and strategies, showing little room for consensus on central terms and questions [2], [3]. This article therefore sheds light on the work of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) of the UN Convention of Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW). The CCW, offering an arena for international cooperation, has dedicated itself to the purpose of finding common ground with respect to an understanding of LAWS, as well as to the necessary degree of human control. From an ethical perspective, the concept of Meaningful Human Control (MHC) supports a human-centric approach. Several IEEE projects, series and publications are dedicated to this prioritization, especially regarding civilian use. As autonomous technology is increasingly at the center of contemporary military innovations, questions of (human) agency and responsibility in warfare have become even more pressing. As stressed by the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the concept of MHC may prove useful in the context of development and use of (semi-) autonomous weaponry.},
number = {4},
journal = {IEEE Technology and Society Magazine},
author = {Riebe, Thea and Schmid, Stefka and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Peace, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, Cyberwar, AuswahlPeace, Projekt-DualUse, Projekt-KontiKat},
pages = {36--51},
}

@article{reuter_impact_2019,
title = {The {Impact} of {Risk} {Cultures}: {Citizens}' {Perception} of {Social} {Media} {Use} in {Emergencies} across {Europe}},
volume = {148},
url = {http://www.peasec.de/paper/2019/2019_ReuterKaufholdSchmidSpielhoferHahne_TheImpactofRiskCultures_TFSC.pdf},
doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2019.119724},
abstract = {Usage of social media during emergencies and respective perceptions vary across countries. Our representative survey of 7,071 citizens in Europe (Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) shows differences of current use of social media in emergencies, expectations towards authorities monitoring social media, intensity of perceiving barriers regarding the use as well as variances concerning the (likelihood of future) use of mobile apps. While German and British participants' frequency of use of social media is medium and low, respectively, Italian and Dutch respondents use them relatively frequently. Our comparison of the four countries allows for an interpretation of divergent behavior across countries with respect to risk cultures as well as expanding the respective model to social media contexts. At the same time, our findings stress that across the four European countries participants assessed similar advantages like dissemination of information and barriers like false rumors with respect to use social media during emergencies. Distributed equally across nations, age and gender showed significant relationships with social media usage which, among other findings, suggests being helpful for effective implementation of management structures using new technologies.},
number = {119724},
journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change (TFSC)},
author = {Reuter, Christian and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Schmid, Stefka and Spielhofer, Thomas and Hahne, Anna Sophie},
year = {2019},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, A-Paper, Selected, AuswahlCrisis, Ranking-ImpactFactor, SocialMedia, Projekt-EmerGent, Ranking-VHB-B},
pages = {1--17},
}

@inproceedings{schmid_safe_2023,
address = {Rapperswil, Switzerland},
title = {Safe and {Secure}? {Visions} of {Military} {Human}-{Computer} {Interaction}},
url = {https://dl.gi.de/items/841cc5bd-8e25-40de-804f-8fb4fedddf11},
doi = {10.18420/muc2023-mci-ws01-365},
abstract = {Safety-critical human-computer interaction has focused on technology use in life-critical situations, including military operations. Due to the practical relevance of HCI and disciplinary debates about human-centered design, this literature review studies HCI scholarships’ visions of military human-computer interaction. Through text analysis and categorization of publications, it is found that interaction is envisioned to take place in the context of both missionoriented operational (e.g., target detection) as well as organizational tasks (e.g., military training). While artificial intelligence, virtual/augmented reality, and robots are most frequently defined as technological environments, goals, such as situation awareness, enjoyment, and trust are predominantly associated with them. Considering scholarly references to application contexts and different factors of the context of use allows to systematically approach how military human-computer interaction is imagined. Offering insight into research trends in HCI, this first overview of research endeavors also contributes to interdisciplinary debates, such as Security Studies and technology assessment.},
language = {de},
booktitle = {Mensch und {Computer} 2023 - {Workshopband}},
publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.},
author = {Schmid, Stefka},
year = {2023},
keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban},
}

@inproceedings{haesler_crisis_2020,
title = {Crisis {Volunteering} {Nerds}: {Three} {Months} {After} {COVID}-19 {Hackathon} \#{WirVsVirus}},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3406324.3424584},
doi = {10.1145/3406324.3424584},
abstract = {The hackathon \#WirVsVirus in March 2020 was one of the biggest hackathons in history. Under the patronage of the federal government of Germany, 28,361 participants worked together in 1,498 projects, finding innovative apps and solutions against the COVID-19 pandemic. Three months after the event, we present an exemplifying analysis of the topics, used technologies and remaining activity of these projects. Shedding light on this instance of citizen science allows to highlight the potential of hackathons and startup culture regarding socio-technological resilience. At the same time, it may be understood as an impulse for crisis informatics to consider new forms of volunteering in the course of crisis management.},
booktitle = {{MobileHCI} '20: 22nd {International} {Conference} on {Human}-{Computer} {Interaction} with {Mobile} {Devices} and {Services}},
publisher = {ACM},
author = {Haesler, Steffen and Schmid, Stefka and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban},
pages = {1--56},
}

@inproceedings{spielhofer_social_2019,
address = {València, Spain},
title = {Social {Media} {Use} in {Emergencies} of {Citizens} in the {United} {Kingdom}},
url = {http://www.peasec.de/paper/2019/2019_SpielhoferHahneReuterKaufholdSchmid_SocialMediaCrisesUK_ISCRAM.pdf},
abstract = {People use social media in various ways including looking for or sharing information during crises or emergencies (e.g. floods, storms, terrorist attacks). Few studies have focused on European citizens' perceptions, and just one has deployed a representative sample to examine this. This article presents the results of one of the first representative studies on this topic conducted in the United Kingdom. The study shows that around a third (34\%) have used social media during an emergency and that such use is more widespread among younger people. In contrast, the main reasons for not using social media in an emergency include technological concerns and that the trustworthiness of social media content is doubtful. However, there is a growing trend towards increased use. The article deduces and explores implications of these findings, including problems potentially arising with more citizens sharing information on social media during emergencies and expecting a response.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Information} {Systems} for {Crisis} {Response} and {Management} ({ISCRAM})},
publisher = {ISCRAM Association},
author = {Spielhofer, Thomas and Hahne, Anna Sophie and Reuter, Christian and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Schmid, Stefka},
editor = {Franco, Zeno and González, José J. and Canós, José H.},
year = {2019},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, SocialMedia, Projekt-KontiKat, Cooperation, Projekt-EmerGent},
}

@incollection{riebe_creative_2025,
title = {Creative {Uses} of {Technology}: {Dual} {Use} {Governance}, {Assessment} and {Design}},
booktitle = {Conflict \& {Health} {Handbook}},
publisher = {De Gruyter},
author = {Riebe, Thea and Schmid, Stefka and Reuter, Christian},
editor = {Hagopian, Amy and Birch, Marion},
year = {2025},
keywords = {Peace},
}

@incollection{reuter_outlook_2024,
address = {Wiesbaden, Germany},
title = {Outlook: {The} {Future} of {IT} in {Peace} and {Security}},
url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-44810-3_22},
abstract = {Not only today, but also in the future information technology and the advances in the field of computer science will have a high relevance for peace and security. Naturally, a textbook like this can only cover a selective part of research and a certain point in time. Nonetheless, it can be attempted to identify trends, challenges and venture an outlook into the future. That is exactly what we want to achieve in this chapter: To predict fu-ture developments and try to classify them correctly. These considerations were made both by the editor and the authors involved alike. Therefore, an outlook based on fun-damentals, cyber conflicts and war, cyber peace, cyber arms control, infrastructures as well as social interaction is given.},
booktitle = {Information {Technology} for {Peace} and {Security} - {IT} {Applications} and {Infrastructures} in {Conflicts}, {Crises}, {War}, and {Peace}},
publisher = {Springer Vieweg},
author = {Reuter, Christian and Aal, Konstantin and Altmann, Jürgen and Bernhardt, Ute and Denker, Kai and Franken, Jonas and Gonsior, Anja-Liisa and Guntrum, Laura and Herrmann, Dominik and Hollick, Matthias and Katzenbeisser, Stefan and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Reinhold, Thomas and Riebe, Thea and Ruhmann, Ingo and Saalbach, Klaus-Peter and Schirch, Lisa and Schmid, Stefka and Schörnig, Niklas and Sunyaev, Ali and Wulf, Volker},
editor = {Reuter, Christian},
year = {2024},
note = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44810-3\_22},
keywords = {Peace, Security, Projekt-CROSSING},
}

@incollection{reuter_overview_2024,
address = {Wiesbaden, Germany},
title = {An {Overview} and {Introduction} to {Information} {Technology} for {Peace} and {Security}},
url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-44810-3_1},
abstract = {Technological and scientific progress, especially the rapid development in information technology (IT), plays a crucial role regarding questions of peace and security. This textbook addresses the significance, potentials and challenges of IT for peace and securi-ty. For this purpose, the book offers an introduction to peace, conflict, and security research, thereby focusing on natural science, technical and computer science perspec-tives. In the following, it sheds light on fundamentals (e.g. IT in peace, conflict and security, natural-science/technical peace research), cyber conflicts and war (e.g. infor-mation warfare, cyber espionage, cyber defence, Darknet), cyber peace (e.g. dual-use, technology assessment, confidence and security building measures), cyber arms control (e.g. arms control in the cyberspace, unmanned systems, verification), cyber attribution and infrastructures (e.g. attribution of cyber attacks, resilient infrastructures, secure critical information infrastructures), culture and interaction (e.g. safety and security, cultural violence, social media), before an outlook is given. This chapter provides an overview of all chapters in this book.},
booktitle = {Information {Technology} for {Peace} and {Security} - {IT} {Applications} and {Infrastructures} in {Conflicts}, {Crises}, {War}, and {Peace}},
publisher = {Springer Vieweg},
author = {Reuter, Christian and Franken, Jonas and Gonsior, Anja-Liisa and Guntrum, Laura and Schmid, Stefka},
editor = {Reuter, Christian},
year = {2024},
note = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44810-3\_1},
keywords = {Peace, Security, Projekt-CROSSING},
}

@incollection{riebe_dual-use_2024,
address = {Wiesbaden, Germany},
title = {Dual-{Use} {Information} {Technology}: {Research}, {Development} and {Governance}},
isbn = {978-3-658-25652-4},
url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-44810-3_8},
abstract = {Dual-use of IT is relevant to many applications and technology areas: how can we prevent, control or manage the risk of misuse of IT? How can dual-use awareness and regulation help to mitigate the risks to peace and security on the national and international levels? As cyberspace has been declared a military domain, IT is increasingly important for civil and military infrastructures. How can researchers, developers and decision-makers make sure that IT is not misused to cause harm? This has been discussed as the dual-use problem for nuclear, biological and chemical technologies. This chapter introduces different dual-use concepts and illustrates by considering cryptography, intrusion software, and artificial intelligence how governance measures, including export control, are applied. Further, approaches of technology assessment, with a focus on the design process, are presented. The chapter also provides insight into the implementation of dual-use assessment guidelines at TU Darmstadt, the so-called Civil Clause.},
booktitle = {Information {Technology} for {Peace} and {Security} - {IT} {Applications} and {Infrastructures} in {Conflicts}, {Crises}, {War}, and {Peace}},
publisher = {Springer Vieweg},
author = {Riebe, Thea and Schmid, Stefka and Reuter, Christian},
editor = {Reuter, Christian},
year = {2024},
note = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44810-3\_8},
keywords = {Peace},
}

@incollection{reuter_teaching_2024,
address = {Wiesbaden, Germany},
title = {Teaching {Peace} {Informatics}: {Reflections} from {Lectures} and {Exercises}},
url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-44810-3_21},
abstract = {Conflicts in cyberspace do not longer constitute a fictional scenario of the future. To gain a better understanding of how such conflicts are carried out, interdisciplinary research and teaching building on both computer science and peace and security studies is indispensable. Even though numerous established courses and textbooks exist in some disciplines, this does not apply to their intersection. This chapter (This chapter has been published as a paper (in German): Reuter et al. (2022)) reflects on the introduction of the interdisciplinary course “Information Technology for Peace and Security” for students of Computer Science, IT Security and Information Systems at the Technical University of Darmstadt and Peace and Conflict Research at the TU Darmstadt in cooperation with Goethe University Frankfurt. The challenges and solutions of interdisciplinary teaching are presented while the importance of this type of teaching is assessed.},
booktitle = {Information {Technology} for {Peace} and {Security} - {IT} {Applications} and {Infrastructures} in {Conflicts}, {Crises}, {War}, and {Peace}},
publisher = {Springer Vieweg},
author = {Reuter, Christian and Riebe, Thea and Haunschild, Jasmin and Reinhold, Thomas and Schmid, Stefka},
editor = {Reuter, Christian},
year = {2024},
note = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-44810-3\_21},
keywords = {Peace, Security, Infrastructure},
}

@incollection{wascher_polizei_2021,
address = {Wien},
title = {Polizei, {Protest} und {Pandemie} in {Frankfurt} am {Main}},
isbn = {978-3-85476-911-8},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2021/2021_WäscherSiemerSchmidKarl_PolizeiProtestPandemieFrankfurt_CoronaGesellschaft_Mandelbaum.pdf},
abstract = {Unser Beitrag beleuchtet das Polizieren von Protesten seit Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie in Frankfurt am Main. Aus der Perspektive materialistischer Staatskritik argumentieren wir erstens, dass die Auflösung der Seebrücken-Demonstration durch die Frankfurter Polizei im April 2020 als ein kurzes Aufblitzen und Einüben des Ausnahmestaats im Normalstaat zu verstehen ist, bei dem die Polizei ihren erweiterten Ermessenspielraum ausreizte. Zweitens ließ sich in den darauffolgenden Wochen beobachten, dass die rechten sogenannten „Hygienedemos“ weniger repressiv als progressive Versammlungen poliziert wurden. Dies führen wir auf die extremismusideologische behördliche Deutung der Proteste zurück, die nicht nur blind ist für Autoritarismus durch Staatsapparate, sondern damit einhergehend systematisch die extreme Rechte verharmlost.},
booktitle = {Corona und {Gesellschaft}: {Soziale} {Kämpfe} in der {Pandemie}},
publisher = {Mandelbaum Verlag},
author = {Wäscher, Maike and Siemer, Denise, and Schmid, Stefka and Karl, Julia},
editor = {Redaktion Corona-Monitor},
year = {2021},
keywords = {Crisis},
pages = {165--186},
}

@incollection{schmid_meaningful_2019,
address = {Darmstadt, Germany},
title = {Meaningful {Human} {Control} of {Lethal} {Autonomous} {Weapon} {Systems}},
url = {https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/9164},
abstract = {In the discussion of lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) in the expert forum of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), the interpretation of crucial concepts such as autonomy and human control is decisive for the future direction of international hu- manitarian law. Starting from the perspective of a synthesis of Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and Value-Sensitive-Design (VSD), we aim to analyse the discourse of LAWS and ask for pos- sibilities to implement Meaningful Human Control.},
booktitle = {{SCIENCE} {PEACE} {SECURITY} '19 - {Proceedings} of the {Interdisciplinary} {Conference} on {Technical} {Peace} and {Security} {Research}},
publisher = {TUprints},
author = {Schmid, Stefka and Riebe, Thea and Reuter, Christian},
editor = {Reuter, Christian and Altmann, Jürgen and Göttsche, Malte and Himmel, Mirko},
year = {2019},
keywords = {Peace, Student, Security, Projekt-DualUse},
pages = {196--200},
}

@book{schmid_governing_2025,
address = {Darmstadt, Germany},
title = {Governing ({In}){Security}: {Socio}-technical {Interactions} in {International} {Relations}},
publisher = {Dissertation (Dr. phil.), Department of History and Social Sciences, Technische Universität Darmstadt},
author = {Schmid, Stefka},
year = {2025},
keywords = {Peace, Projekt-TraCe, Crisis, Projekt-NEBULA, Dissertation},
}

@techreport{reuter_informatik_2024,
address = {FIfF-Kommunikation},
title = {Informatik für den {Frieden}: {Perspektive} von {PEASEC} zu 40 {Jahren} {FIfF}},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2024/2024_Reuteretal_InformatikFuerFrieden_fiff.pdf},
abstract = {Fortschritte in Wissenschaft und Technik, besonders der Informatik, spielen im Kontext von Frieden und Sicherheit eine essenzielle Rolle. Der Lehrstuhl Wissenschaft und Technik für Frieden und Sicherheit (PEASEC) an der Technischen Universität Darmstadt verbindet Informatik mit Friedens-, Konflikt- und Sicherheitsforschung.},
author = {Reuter, Christian and Franken, Jonas and Reinhold, Thomas and Kuehn, Philipp and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Riebe, Thea and Hartwig, Katrin and Biselli, Tom and Schmid, Stefka and Guntrum, Laura and Haesler, Steffen},
year = {2024},
keywords = {Peace, Security},
}

@techreport{gonsior_friedensinformatik_2023,
title = {Friedensinformatik: heute und morgen},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2023/2023_GonsiorRiebeSchmidReinholdReuter_FriedensinformatikHeuteMorgen_WundF.pdf},
abstract = {Fortschritte in Wissenschaft und Technologie spielen eine entscheidende Rolle im Zusammenhang mit Frieden, Konflikt und Sicherheit (Reuter 2019). Insbesondere die Rolle der Informatik in der Friedens- und Konfliktforschung hat sich durch die Digitalisierung der Gesellschaft gewandelt. Die Bewältigung der damit verbundenen Herausforderungen für Frieden und Sicherheit durch die akademische Forschung erfordert die Anwendung und Etablierung interdisziplinärer Ansätze (Reuter et al. 2020). An dieser Stelle kann die naturwissenschaftlich-technische Friedens und Konfliktforschung entscheidende Beiträge leisten, um aktuelle Themen und damit verbundene Problemstellungen aus verschiedenen disziplinären Perspektiven zu analysieren und zu bewerten. So müssen beispielsweise Fragen im Kontext von Cyberangriffen oder Cyberwaffen sowohl aus Perspektive der Informatik als auf der Politikwissenschaft betrachtet werden (Reuter et al. 2020).},
author = {Gonsior, Anja-Liisa and Riebe, Thea and Schmid, Stefka and Reinhold, Thomas and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2023},
keywords = {Peace},
pages = {34--37},
}

@techreport{meier_fur_2022,
title = {Für eine umfassende, globale und aktive {Abrüstungs}- und {Rüstungskontrollpolitik}},
url = {https://fourninesecurity.de/2022/11/10/fuer-eine-umfassende-globale-und-aktive-abruestungs-und-ruestungskontrollpolitik},
abstract = {Eine vorausschauende und global ausgerichtete deutsche Rüstungskontrollpolitik hat enorme sicherheitspolitische Potenziale. Denn: Eine aktive Rüstungskontrollpolitik Deutschlands kann helfen, die Gefahren der weltweiten Aufrüstung und regionaler Rüstungs- und Eskalationsdynamiken zu mindern. Rüstungskontrollpolitische Instrumente müssen jede Vereinbarung über das Ende des Kriegs gegen die Ukraine stützen. Vereinbarungen über die Nichtverbreitung von Massenvernichtungswaffen bestimmen Regeln, die den militärischen Missbrauch von dual use-Technologien verhindern können. Abrüstung und Rüstungskontrolle mindern schon jetzt menschliches Leid in anderen Weltregionen. Abrüstung kann dazu beitragen, das vorherrschende und im Krieg gegen die Ukraine zunehmend unberechenbare Abschreckungsparadigma zu überwinden. Eine engagierte Rüstungskontrollpolitik fügt sich dann in die feministische Außenpolitik der Bundesregierung, wenn sie partizipativ und restriktiv angelegt ist und negative Folgen von Aufrüstung und Krieg besonders für Frauen und marginalisierte Gruppen reduziert.
Um diese sicherheitspolitischen Potenziale auszuschöpfen, sollte die Nationale Sicherheitsstrategie Eckpunkte einer eigenständigen deutschen Rüstungskontrollpolitik beschreiben. Drei Prinzipien können eine solche Politik anleiten.},
language = {de},
institution = {49security},
author = {Meier, Oliver and Brzoska, Michael and Ferl, Anna-Katharina and Hach, Sascha and Bayer (2), Markus and Mutschler, Max and Prem, Berenike and Reinhold, Thomas and Schmid, Stefka and Schwarz, Matthias},
year = {2022},
note = {49security},
keywords = {Peace},
}

@techreport{riebe_linkedin_2021,
address = {Wissenschaft \& Frieden},
title = {{LinkedIn} als {Barometer}: {Austausch} zwischen ziviler und militärischer {F}\&{E}},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2021/2021_RiebeSchmidReuter_LinkedInalsBarometer_WuF.pdf},
abstract = {Gibt es Wissenstransfers zwischen militärischer und ziviler Forschung? Wenn ja, in welchem Umfang? Um die Art und Weise zu untersuchen, wie Unternehmen durch sogenannte »Spillover«-Effekte von den Aktivitäten in den Bereichen »Forschung und Entwicklung« (F\&E) eines anderen Unternehmens profi tieren, existieren bereits Methoden, die die Mobilität von Arbeitskräften als Initiator von Wissenstransfers untersuchen. Dieser Beitrag stellt einen ergänzenden Ansatz vor, der auf »Social Media Analytics« (SMA) beruht. Er soll helfen, die »Spillover«-Eff ekte vom Verteidigungsbereich in die zivile F\&E quantifi zieren zu können und beruht auf der Analyse von Angaben zum Beschäftigungswechsel aus dem sozialen Netzwerk »LinkedIn«.},
author = {Riebe, Thea and Schmid, Stefka and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2021},
keywords = {Peace, Projekt-DualUse},
}

@techreport{reuter_risikokulturen_2020,
address = {BBK Bevölkerungsschutz},
title = {Risikokulturen bei der {Nutzung} {Sozialer} {Medien} in {Katastrophenlagen}},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2020/2020_ReuterKaufholdSchmid_Risikokulturen_BBK.pdf},
abstract = {Soziale Medien werden auf der ganzen Welt genutzt. Vergleicht man die allgemeine Nutzung sozialer Medien im Vereinigten Königreich (GB), Deutschland (DE), den Niederlanden (NL) und Italien (IT), zeigt sich, dass sie in Italien am
wenigsten in Anspruch genommen werden. Dort sind knapp
40 \% der Bevölkerung, d. h. 37 Millionen Menschen, in den
sozialen Medien aktiv. Sowohl im Vereinigtem Königreich
(59 \%, 39 Mio.), Deutschland (55 \%, 45 Mio.) als auch den Niederlanden (57 \%, 9,74 Mio.) lassen sich ähnliche Tendenzen
erkennen. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass mobile Endgeräte,
die tendenziell immer griffbereit sind, sehr häufig zur Kommunikation über soziale Medien eingesetzt werden, ist es
nicht verwunderlich, dass diese auch in Notsituationen genutzt werden [8]. Bis dato fehlt es an aussagekräftigen
quantitativen und vergleichbaren Ergebnissen aus unterschiedlichen Ländern über die Wahrnehmung der Bevölkerung zur Nutzung von sozialen Medien in Notsituationen.
Die im Folgenden vorgestellte Studie „The Impact of
Risk Cultures: Citizens’ Perception of Social Media Use in
Emergencies across Europe” [9] mit Beteiligung der TU
Darmstadt, Universität Siegen und dem Tavistock Institute
(London), möchte das bestehende Defizit adressieren. Anhand der repräsentativen Umfrageergebnisse werden zunächst vier europäische Länder präsentiert und dann miteinander verglichen. Ziel ist es, Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede in der Nutzung sozialer Medien in Notsituationen
zu erfassen. Frühere Forschungsergebnisse haben im Hinblick auf Katastrophen gezeigt, dass es unterschiedliche
Risikokulturen in europäischen Ländern gibt, die das Verhalten der Bevölkerung jeweils unterschiedlich beeinflussen
und prägen (vgl. [4]; [5]).},
author = {Reuter, Christian and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Schmid, Stefka},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Crisis, SocialMedia, Projekt-KontiKat},
pages = {14--17},
}