@book{haunschildEnhancingCitizensRole2025,
address = {Wiesbaden, Germany},
title = {Enhancing {Citizens}’ {Role} in {Public} {Safety}: {Interaction}, {Perception} and {Design} of {Mobile} {Warning} {Apps}},
publisher = {Springer Vieweg},
author = {Haunschild, Jasmin},
year = {2025},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY, DissPublisher},
}

@book{haeslerCitizensCrisesBehavior2025,
address = {Wiesbaden, Germany},
title = {Citizens in {Crises}: {Behavior}, {Dependencies}, and {Technological} {Support} of {Digital} {Self}-{Organization}},
publisher = {Springer Vieweg},
author = {Haesler, Steffen},
year = {2025},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, DissPublisher},
}

@inproceedings{janzenUserPerspectiveIslandReady2025,
series = {{CHI} '25},
title = {The {User} {Perspective} on {Island}-{Ready} {6G} {Communication}: {A} {Survey} of {Future} {Smartphone} {Usage} in {Crisis}-{Struck} {Areas} with {Local} {Cellular} {Connectivity}},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI})},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Janzen, Leon and Putz, Florentin and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Straub, Kolja and Hollick, Matthias},
year = {2025},
keywords = {A-Paper, AuswahlCrisis, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, Ranking-CORE-A*, Security, UsableSec},
}

@inproceedings{vonwillichQualitativeInvestigationUser2025,
series = {{CHI} '25},
title = {A {Qualitative} {Investigation} of {User} {Transitions} and {Frictions} in {Cross}-{Reality} {Applications}},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI})},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {von Willich, Julius and Nelles, Frank and Tseng, Wen-Jie and Gugenheimer, Jan and Günther, Sebastian and Mühlhäuser, Max},
year = {2025},
keywords = {HCI, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A*, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@article{haunschildUnderstandingCrisisPreparedness2024,
title = {Understanding {Crisis} {Preparedness}: {Insights} from {Personal} {Values}, {Beliefs}, {Social} {Norms}, and {Personal} {Norms}},
volume = {21},
url = {https://ojs.iscram.org/index.php/Proceedings/article/view/19},
abstract = {In disasters and crises, crisis preparation at the household level is crucial for societal resilience. However, motivating citizens to take personal responsibility and to implement preparedness measures remains challenging. This study investigates the impact of values, beliefs and norms on preparedness. Through a survey in Germany on resource-oriented crisis preparedness and participants’ values, a group of more prepared and less prepared individuals was differentiated. We quantitatively analyzed the correlation between values and crisis preparedness. A quantitative analysis revealed a significant association between the value of benevolence and higher preparedness. Follow-up interviews (N=30) explored participants\&\#039; beliefs and norms, showing minimal group differences. Although crisis preparedness is generally viewed positively, strong negativity exists towards perceived “hoarders”. The study discusses implication for crisis communication and the design of nudges and persuasive systems, emphasizing intervention that can trigger benevolence to foster preparedness and appeal to the social benefits to counter the narrative of anti-social crisis preparedness.},
urldate = {2024-05-27},
journal = {Proceedings of the Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) (Best Paper Award)},
author = {Haunschild, Jasmin and Burger, Felix and Reuter, Christian},
month = may,
year = {2024},
note = {Section: ISCRAM Proceedings},
keywords = {Crisis, Student, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@incollection{haeslerModerneTechnologienUnd2024,
title = {Moderne {Technologien} und {Resilienz}},
isbn = {978-3-17-043720-3},
booktitle = {Resilienz und {Schockereignisse}},
publisher = {Kohlhammer},
author = {Haesler, Steffen and Reuter, Christian},
editor = {Karsten, Andreas H. and Voßschmidt, Stefan and Becker, Uwe},
year = {2024},
keywords = {UsableSec, Security, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {183--190},
}

@book{haunschildEnhancingCitizensRole2024,
address = {Darmstadt, Germany},
title = {Enhancing {Citizens}’ {Role} in {Public} {Safety}: {Interaction}, {Perception} and {Design} of {Mobile} {Warning} {Apps}},
publisher = {Dissertation (Dr. rer. nat.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt},
author = {Haunschild, Jasmin},
year = {2024},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY, Dissertation},
}

@article{putzSoundsGoodFast2024,
title = {Sounds {Good}? {Fast} and {Secure} {Contact} {Exchange} in {Groups}},
volume = {8},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3686964},
doi = {10.1145/3686964},
abstract = {Trustworthy digital communication requires the secure exchange of contact information, but current approaches lack usability and scalability for larger groups of users. We evaluate the usability of two secure contact exchange systems: the current state of the art, SafeSlinger, and our newly designed protocol, PairSonic, which extends trust from physical encounters to spontaneous online communication. Our lab study (N=45) demonstrates PairSonic's superior usability, automating the tedious verification tasks from previous approaches via an acoustic out-of-band channel. Although participants significantly preferred our system, minimizing user effort surprisingly decreased the perceived security for some users, who associated security with complexity. We discuss user perceptions of the different protocol components and identify remaining usability barriers for CSCW application scenarios.},
number = {CSCW2},
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (Best Paper Award)},
author = {Putz, Florentin and Haesler, Steffen and Hollick, Matthias},
year = {2024},
keywords = {HCI, UsableSec, Security, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@article{kaufholdExploringEvolvingLandscape2024,
title = {Exploring the evolving landscape of human-centred crisis informatics: current challenges and future trends},
volume = {23},
issn = {2196-6826},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2024-0002},
doi = {10.1515/icom-2024-0002},
abstract = {Modern Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been used in safety-critical situations for over twenty years. Rooted in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and related disciplines, the field of crisis informatics made considerable efforts to investigate social media use and role patterns in crises, facilitate the collection, processing and refinement of social media data, design and evaluate supportive ICT, and provide cumulative and longitudinal research. This narrative review examines contemporary challenges of human-centred crisis informatics and envision trends for the following decade, including (I) a broadening scope of crisis informatics, (II) the professionalisation of cross-platform collaboration of citizen communities and emergency services, (III) expert interfaces for explainable and multimodal artificial intelligence for user-generated content assessment, (IV) internet of things and mobile apps for bidirectional communication and warnings in disruption-tolerant networks, as well as (V) digital twins and virtual reality for the effective training of multi-agency collaboration in hybrid hazards.},
number = {2},
journal = {i-com - Journal of Interactive Media},
author = {Kaufhold, Marc-André},
year = {2024},
keywords = {AuswahlCrisis, Crisis, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-CYLENCE, Projekt-ATHENE-CyAware},
pages = {155--163},
}

@book{haeslerCitizensCrisesBehavior2024,
address = {Darmstadt, Germany},
title = {Citizens in {Crises}: {Behavior}, {Dependencies}, and {Technological} {Support} of {Digital} {Self}-{Organization}},
publisher = {Dissertation (Dr. rer. nat.), Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt},
author = {Haesler, Steffen},
year = {2024},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-emergenCITY, Dissertation},
}

@inproceedings{putzPairSonicHelpingGroups2024,
title = {{PairSonic}: {Helping} {Groups} {Securely} {Exchange} {Contact} {Information}},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3678884.3681818},
doi = {10.1145/3678884.3681818},
abstract = {Securely exchanging contact information is essential for establishing trustworthy communication channels that facilitate effective online collaboration. However, current methods are neither user-friendly nor scalable for large groups of users. In response, we introduce PairSonic, a novel group pairing protocol that extends trust from physical encounters to online communication. PairSonic simplifies the pairing process by automating the tedious verification tasks of previous methods through an acoustic out-of-band channel using smartphones' built-in hardware. Our protocol not only facilitates connecting users for computer-supported collaboration, but also provides a more user-friendly and scalable solution to the authentication ceremonies currently used in end-to-end encrypted messengers like Signal or WhatsApp. PairSonic is available as open-source software: https://github.com/seemoo-lab/pairsonic},
booktitle = {{CSCW} '24 {Companion}: {Conference} {Companion} {Publication} of the 2024 on {Computer} {Supported} {Cooperative} {Work} and {Social} {Computing}},
author = {Putz, Florentin and Haesler, Steffen and Völkl, Thomas and Gehring, Maximilian and Rollshausen, Nils and Hollick, Matthias},
year = {2024},
note = {Place: San Jose, Costa Rica},
keywords = {HCI, UsableSec, Security, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@article{schmidDigitalVolunteersCOVID192023,
title = {Digital {Volunteers} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}: {Care} {Work} on {Social} {Media} for {Socio}-technical {Resilience}},
volume = {3},
issn = {2748-5625},
url = {https://ojs.weizenbaum-institut.de/index.php/wjds/article/view/78},
doi = {10.34669/WI.WJDS/3.3.6},
abstract = {Like past crises, the COVID-19 pandemic has also activated individual volunteers to help to respond to the crisis. This includes digital volunteers, who have organized physical aid and conducted activities on social media. Analyzing German volunteering support groups on Facebook and related Reddit threads in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we {\textbackslash}updatedshow what type of help is offered and how social media users interact with each other, trying to cope with the situation. We reveal that most users offering help online conduct mostly typical care work, such as buying groceries or giving advice. Crucially, volunteering is characterized by relationships of care and thus builds on affirmative interactions. Albeit some misdirected offers and regressive interruptions, people use the possibility to make their voices heard and, showing empathy, help each other to cope with crisis. Social media like Facebook mediate societal structures, including relationships of care, offering a space for continuous, cumulatively resilient conduct of care work. Reflecting on the traditional division of labor in crisis volunteering and counter-productive dynamics of care and empathy, we aim for feminist ethics of care which allows for interactions on social media that foster generative computer-supported collaboration.},
number = {1},
journal = {Weizenbaum Journal of the Digital Society},
author = {Schmid, Stefka and Guntrum, Laura and Haesler, Steffen and Schultheiß, Lisa and Reuter, Christian},
month = may,
year = {2023},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, SocialMedia, Student, Peace, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-TraCe},
}

@article{haunschildPreparednessNudgingWarning2023,
title = {Preparedness {Nudging} for {Warning} {Apps}? {A} {Mixed}-{Method} {Study} {Investigating} {Popularity} and {Effects} of {Preparedness} {Alerts} in {Warning} {Apps}},
volume = {172},
issn = {1071-5819},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2023/2023_HaunschildPauliReuter_NudgingWarningApps_IJHCS.pdf},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2023.102995},
abstract = {Warning apps are used by many to receive warnings about imminent disasters. However, their potential for increasing awareness about general hazards and for increasing preparedness is currently underused. With a mixed-method design that includes a representative survey of the German population, a design workshop and an app evaluation experiment, this study investigates users’ preferences regarding non-acute preparedness alerts’ inclusion in crisis apps and the effectiveness of Nudging in this context. The experiment shows that while the social influence nudge had no significant effect compared to the control group without a nudging condition, the confrontational nudge increased the number of taken recommended preparedness measures. The evaluation indicates that the preparedness alerts increased users’ knowledge and their motivation to use a warning app. This motivation is, in contrast, decreased when the messages are perceived as a disruption. While many oppose push notifications, favor finding persuasively designed preparedness advice in a separate menu or as an optional notification.},
journal = {International Journal on Human-Computer Studies (IJHCS)},
author = {Haunschild, Jasmin and Pauli, Selina and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2023},
keywords = {AuswahlCrisis, Crisis, Selected, Student, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {102995},
}

@article{bayerSurveyDataAugmentation2023,
title = {A {Survey} on {Data} {Augmentation} for {Text} {Classification}},
volume = {55},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3544558},
doi = {10.1145/3544558},
abstract = {Data augmentation, the artificial creation of training data for machine learning by transformations, is a widely studied research field across machine learning disciplines. While it is useful for increasing a model's generalization capabilities, it can also address many other challenges and problems, from overcoming a limited amount of training data, to regularizing the objective, to limiting the amount data used to protect privacy. Based on a precise description of the goals and applications of data augmentation and a taxonomy for existing works, this survey is concerned with data augmentation methods for textual classification and aims to provide a concise and comprehensive overview for researchers and practitioners. Derived from the taxonomy, we divide more than 100 methods into 12 different groupings and give state-of-the-art references expounding which methods are highly promising by relating them to each other. Finally, research perspectives that may constitute a building block for future work are provided.},
number = {7},
journal = {ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)},
author = {Bayer, Markus and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2023},
keywords = {AuswahlCrisis, Crisis, Selected, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A*, Ranking-ImpactFactor, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-CYWARN, Projekt-emergenCITY, AuswahlKaufhold},
pages = {1--39},
}

@incollection{haunschildDualuseVolunteerOperations2023,
title = {Dual-use in volunteer operations? {Attitudes} of computer science students regarding the establishment of a cyber security volunteer force},
isbn = {978-83-66675-89-6},
url = {https://sciendo.com/chapter/9788366675896/10.2478/9788366675896-006},
abstract = {The digitalisation of critical infrastructure has increased the risk of large-scale cyber incidents. In contrast to the management of conventional emergencies by established civil protection organisations involving volunteers in Germany, few response capacities exist for these events. The concept of a volunteer force for cyber security could close this protection gap. However, such involvement also poses practical and ethical challenges. By conducting interviews with computer science students (N = 11), this paper analyses potential volunteers’ attitudes towards ethical implications of a cyber volunteer force, as well as practical aspects that might motivate or hinder their participation. A qualitative
content analysis reveals that students are largely unaware of potential dilemmas connected to vulnerabilities handling and national cybersecurity interests. Ethical guidelines and means of motivating and encouraging potential volunteers
are discussed.},
booktitle = {International {Symposium} on {Technikpsychologie} ({TecPsy})},
publisher = {Sciendo},
author = {Haunschild, Jasmin and Jung, Leon and Reuter, Christian},
editor = {Nina, Gerber and Zimmermann, Verena},
year = {2023},
keywords = {Crisis, Student, UsableSec, Security, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {66--81},
}

@incollection{kaufholdBigDataMultiplatform2023,
address = {Singapore},
title = {Big {Data} and {Multi}-platform {Social} {Media} {Services} in {Disaster} {Management}},
isbn = {978-981-16-8800-3},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2023/2023_KaufholdReuterLudwig_BigDataMultiPlatformSocialMediaDisaster_HandbookDisaster.pdf},
abstract = {The use of social media today is not only ubiquitous and an integral part of everyday life but is also increasingly relevant before, during, or after emergencies. Data produced in these contexts, such as situational updates and multimedia content, is disseminated across different social media platforms and can be leveraged by various actors, including emergency services or volunteer communities. However, the dissemination of several thousand or even millions of messages during large-scale emergencies confronts analysts with challenges of information quality and overload. Hence, crisis informatics as a research domain seeks to explore and develop systems that support the collection, analysis, and dissemination of valuable social media information in emergencies. This chapter presents the social media API (SMA), which is a multi-platform service for gathering big social data across different social media channels and analyzing the credibility and relevance of collected data by the means of machine learning models. Based on the lessons learned from both the implementation process and user-centered evaluations in multiple emergency settings, this chapter discusses core challenges and potentials of the SMA and similar services, focusing on (1) the multi-platform gathering and management of data, (2) the mitigation of information overload by relevance assessment and message grouping, (3) the assessment of credibility and information quality, and (4) user-centered tailorability and adjustable data operations.},
booktitle = {International {Handbook} of {Disaster} {Research}},
publisher = {Springer Nature Singapore},
author = {Kaufhold, Marc-André and Reuter, Christian and Ludwig, Thomas},
editor = {Singh, Amita},
year = {2023},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-KOKOS, Projekt-CYWARN, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {1--21},
}

@incollection{reuterCrisisInformatics2023,
title = {Crisis {Informatics}},
isbn = {978-1-00-905708-0},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2023/2023_ReuterKaufhold_CrisisInformatics_CambridgeHandbookCyber.pdf},
abstract = {In summary, crisis informatics has established itself as an important research area in the ever-increasing complexity of the cyber world. Its importance is further amplified by the time-critical constraints of emergencies and disasters. However, crisis informatics will be challenged to evolve quickly to tackle global-scale emergencies, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the increasing risks of natural hazards due to climate change. This chapter seeks to supplement this effort by analyzing interaction, role, information, and perception patterns, which were prevalent in the past 20 years of social media use in crises.},
booktitle = {Cambridge {Handbook} of {Cyber} {Behavior}},
publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
author = {Reuter, Christian and Kaufhold, Marc-André},
editor = {Yan, Zheng},
year = {2023},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Peace, Projekt-CYWARN, Projekt-ATHENE-FANCY, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@inproceedings{kuntkeRuralCommunicationOutage2023,
title = {Rural {Communication} in {Outage} {Scenarios}: {Disruption}-{Tolerant} {Networking} via {LoRaWAN} {Setups}},
url = {https://idl.iscram.org/files/kuntke/2023/2581_Kuntke_etal2023.pdf},
abstract = {Since communications infrastructure is subject to many impacts, e.g., destructive natural events, they can potentially collapse at any time. Especially in rural areas, the recovery of public network infrastructure can take some time, so a dedicated communication channel would be advantageous. We explore the possibility of transforming commodity LoRaWAN gateways into meshed network nodes for a digital emergency communication channel. In order to obtain the required parameters, we collected farm locations in Germany with OpenStreetMap. Based on the assumptions of LoRa communication range and considering our use case requirements, connecting farm communities seems theoretically feasible in many areas of our data set. To further analyze our idea, we ran simulations of two common DTN routing protocols with different scenarios. A proof-of-concept implementation allows smaller messages to be transmitted using real hardware and demonstrates that a decentralized communications infrastructure based on commodity hardware is possible.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of {Information} {Systems} for {Crisis} {Response} and {Management} ({ISCRAM})},
author = {Kuntke, Franz and Baumgärtner, Lars and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2023},
keywords = {Crisis, Security, RSF, Projekt-MAKI, Projekt-GeoBox, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-AgriRegio},
pages = {1--13},
}

@inproceedings{wurschingFIDO2RescuePlatform2023,
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {{CHI} '23},
title = {{FIDO2} the {Rescue}? {Platform} vs. {Roaming} {Authentication} on {Smartphones}},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2023/2023_WuerschingPutzHaeslerHollick_PlatformvsRoamingAuthenticationonSmartphones_CHI.pdf},
doi = {10.1145/3544548.3580993},
abstract = {Modern smartphones support FIDO2 passwordless authentication using either external security keys or internal biometric authentication, but it is unclear whether users appreciate and accept these new forms of web authentication for their own accounts. We present the first lab study (N=87) comparing platform and roaming authentication on smartphones, determining the practical strengths and weaknesses of FIDO2 as perceived by users in a mobile scenario. Most participants were willing to adopt passwordless authentication during our in-person user study, but closer analysis shows that participants prioritize usability, security, and availability differently depending on the account type. We identify remaining adoption barriers that prevent FIDO2 from succeeding password authentication, such as missing support for contemporary usage patterns, including account delegation and usage on multiple clients.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {Conference} on {Human} {Factors} in {Computing} {Systems} ({CHI}) ({Best} {Paper} {Award})},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Würsching, Leon and Putz, Florentin and Haesler, Steffen and Hollick, Matthias},
year = {2023},
note = {event-place: Hamburg, HH, Germany},
keywords = {HCI, UsableSec, Security, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A*, AuswahlUsableSec, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@incollection{hochstMobileDeviceDeviceCommunication2023,
address = {Cham},
title = {Mobile {Device}-to-{Device} {Communication} for {Crisis} {Scenarios} {Using} {Low}-{Cost} {LoRa} {Modems}},
isbn = {978-3-031-20939-0},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2023/2023_HoechstBaumgaertnerKuntkePenningSterzSommerFreisleben_MobileD2DCommunication_DMaIT.pdf},
abstract = {We present an approach to enable long-range device-to-device communication between smartphones in crisis situations. Our approach is based on inexpensive and readily available microcontrollers with integrated LoRa hardware that we empower to receive and forward messages via Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or a serial connection by means of a dedicated firmware, called rf95modem. The developed firmware cannot only be used in crisis scenarios but also in a variety of other applications, such as providing a communication fallback during outdoor activities, geolocation-based games or broadcasting of local information. We present two applications to show the benefits of our approach. First, we introduce a novel device-to-device LoRa chat application that works on both Android and iOS as well as on traditional computers like notebooks using a console-based interface. Second, we demonstrate how other infrastructure-less technology can benefit from our approach by integrating it into the DTN7 delay-tolerant networking software. Furthermore, we present the results of an in-depth experimental evaluation of approach consisting of (i) real-world device-to-device LoRa transmissions in urban and rural areas and (ii) scalability tests based on simulations of LoRa device-to-device usage in a medium-sized city with up to 1000 active users. The firmware, our device-to-device chat application, our integration into DTN7, as well as our code fragments of the experimental evaluation and the experimental results are available under permissive open-source licenses.},
booktitle = {Disaster {Management} and {Information} {Technology}: {Professional} {Response} and {Recovery} {Management} in the {Age} of {Disasters}},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
author = {Höchst, Jonas and Baumgärtner, Lars and Kuntke, Franz and Penning, Alvar and Sterz, Artur and Sommer, Markus and Freisleben, Bernd},
editor = {Scholl, Hans Jochen and Holdeman, Eric E. and Boersma, F. Kees},
year = {2023},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-20939-0_12},
keywords = {Crisis, Security, RSF, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-ATHENE},
pages = {235--268},
}

@inproceedings{haeslerGettingResidentsAttention2023,
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {{DIS} '23},
title = {Getting the {Residents}' {Attention}: {The} {Perception} of {Warning} {Channels} in {Smart} {Home} {Warning} {Systems}},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9893-0},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2023/2023_HaeslerWendelbornReuter_SmartHomeWarningSystems_DIS},
doi = {10.1145/3563657.3596076},
abstract = {About half a billion households are expected to use smart home systems by 2025. Although many IoT sensors, such as smoke detectors or security cameras, are available and governmental crisis warning systems are in place, little is known about how to warn appropriately in smart home environments. We created a Raspberry Pi based prototype with a speaker, a display, and a connected smart light bulb. Together with a focus group, we developed a taxonomy for warning messages in smart home environments, dividing them into five classes with different stimuli. We evaluated the taxonomy using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) in a field study at participants' (N = 13) homes testing 331 warnings. The results show that taxonomy-based warning stimuli are perceived to be appropriate and participants could imagine using such a warning system. We propose a deeper integration of warning capabilities into smart home environments to enhance the safety of citizens.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {Designing} {Interactive} {Systems} {Conference} ({DIS})},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
author = {Haesler, Steffen and Wendelborn, Marc and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2023},
note = {event-place: Pittsburgh, PA, USA},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Student, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {1114--1127},
}

@article{reuterIncreasingAdoptionPerceived2023,
title = {Increasing {Adoption} {Despite} {Perceived} {Limitations} of {Social} {Media} in {Emergencies}: {Representative} {Insights} on {German} {Citizens}’ {Perception} and {Trends} from 2017 to 2021},
volume = {96},
issn = {2212-4209},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2023/2023_ReuterKaufholdBiselliPleil_SocialMediaEmergenciesSurvey_IJDRR.pdf},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103880},
abstract = {The value of social media in crises, disasters, and emergencies across different events, participants, and states is now well-examined in crisis informatics research. Previous research has contributed to the state of the art with empirical insights on the use of social media, approaches for the gathering and processing of big social data, the design and evaluation of information systems, and the analysis of cumulative and longitudinal data. While some studies examined social media use representatively for their target audience, these usually only comprise a single point of inquiry and do not allow for a trend analysis. This work provides results (1) of a representative survey with German citizens from 2021 on use patterns, perceptions, and expectations regarding social media during emergencies. Furthermore, it (2) compares these results to previous surveys and provides insights on temporal changes and trends from 2017, over 2019 to 2021. Our findings highlight that social media use in emergencies increased in 2021 and 2019 compared to 2017. Between 2019 and 2021, the amount of information shared on social media remained on a similar level, while the perceived disadvantages of social media in emergencies significantly increased. In light of demographic variables, the results of the 2021 survey confirm previous findings, according to which older individuals (45+ years) use social media in emergencies less often than younger individuals (18-24 years). Furthermore, while the quicker availability of information was one of the reasons for social media use, especially the potential information overload was a key factor for not using social media in emergencies. The results are discussed in light of the dynamic nature of attitudes regarding social media in emergencies and the need to account for heterogeneity in user expectations to build trustworthy information ecosystems in social media.},
journal = {International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction (IJDRR)},
author = {Reuter, Christian and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Biselli, Tom and Pleil, Helene},
year = {2023},
keywords = {AuswahlCrisis, Crisis, SocialMedia, Student, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-NEBULA, Projekt-CYLENCE},
}

@inproceedings{zivkovicInfrastrukturenUndHistorisches2023,
address = {Leoben},
title = {Infrastrukturen und historisches {Wissen}: {Eine} interdisziplinäre {Analyse} der {Resilienz} von {Schienen}- und {Kabelnetzen}},
isbn = {978-3-900397-11-1},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2023/2023_ZivkovicFrankenThiessenEngelsReuter_InfrastrukturenHistorischesWissen_FKF23.pdf},
abstract = {Im Forschungsprojekt " Das Netz hat Geschichte: Netzwerk- und Vulnerabilitätsanalyse Kritischer Infrastrukturen am Beispiel IKT und Verkehr in Rhein/Main”" wird das historische Wachstum von IKT- und Schieneninfrastrukturnetzen, sowie daraus erwachsene Konsequenzen für deren Vulnerabilitäten am Beispiel der Rhein-Main-Region interdisziplinär untersucht. Beide Infrastrukturnetze entstanden über Jahrzehnte hinweg und sind das Ergebnis verschiedener Interessen und technischer Entwicklungen aus unterschiedlichen Zeitschichten. Dies beeinflusst die Widerstandsfähigkeit der Netze und birgt potenzielle Risiken. Anhand von ca. 20 Expert:inneninterviews soll das Wissen von Praktiker:innen über das Alter, die Ausbreitung, technische Neuerungen und deren Auswirkungen analysiert werden. Die Forschung basiert auf dem Zeitschichtenmodell von Koselleck, das es ermöglicht, die verschiedenen zeitlichen Ebenen der Infrastrukturentwicklung zu analysieren. Die Ergebnisse der semi-strukturierten Interviewstudie zum impliziten Wissen der Befragten werden genutzt, um Hypothesen zu generieren, die später mittels Archivstudien und Netzwerkanalysen überprüft werden. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse können zur Stärkung der Resilienz von Infrastrukturen, insbesondere bei Katastrophenszenarien regionalen Ausmaßes, und zukünftigen Investitionsentscheidungen beitragen.},
booktitle = {Tagungsband {Fachtagung} {Katastrophenforschung} 2023},
publisher = {Disaster Competence Network Austria},
author = {Zivkovic, Marco and Franken, Jonas and Thiessen, Nadja and Engels, Jens Ivo and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2023},
keywords = {Crisis, Security, Infrastructure, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-NetzGeschichte},
}

@incollection{frankenNetzHatGeschichte2023,
address = {Bonn},
title = {Das {Netz} hat {Geschichte}: {Historisch}-technische {Analyse} der kritischen {Infrastrukturen} in der {Region} {Rhein}/{Main}},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2023/2023_FrankenZivkovicThiessenEngelsReuter_NetzGeschichte_GI.pdf},
abstract = {Kritische Infrastrukturen sind häufig über Jahrzehnte gewachsene, komplexe Netze. Dennoch fehlt derzeit die historische Perspektive auf die Aufschichtungstendenzen von Technologien in den Sektoren, die für die Gesellschaft essenzielle Dienste bereitstellen. Ein besseres Verständnis von Ausbreitungs-, Ausbau-, Ersatz- und Ausmusterungsprozessen kann Entscheidungshilfe und Orientierung für resilientere Versorgungsnetzarchitekturen in der Zukunft geben. Kompatibilitätsprobleme mit Legacy-Soft- und Hardware sind bekannte Phänomene in vielen KRITIS-Einrichtungen. Entsprechend gewinnen Wissens- und Erfahrungstransfers bei zunehmend komplexen, dennoch über Jahrzehnte verwendete Technologien in landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben enorm an Bedeutung. Der Beitrag vollzieht die Konzeption und Fragestellungen eines interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekts nach, in welchem die Verwundbarkeit der kritischen Infrastruktursektoren Verkehr und Kommunikation im Rhein-Main-Gebiet analysiert wird. Von den Leistungen beider Sektoren hängt die digitale Landwirtschaft stark ab. Insbesondere rurale, beim digitalen und Schienennetzausbau häufig vernachlässigte Gebiete werden dabei mittels explorativer Interviewstudie und anschließender archivbasierter, quantitativer Überprüfung der zuvor generierten Hypothesen aus einer raum-zeitlichen und technischen Perspektive untersucht.},
booktitle = {{INFORMATIK} 2023 - {Designing} {Futures}: {Zukünfte} gestalten},
publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e. V.},
author = {Franken, Jonas and Zivkovic, Marco and Thiessen, Nadja and Engels, Jens Ivo and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2023},
doi = {10.18420/inf2023_159},
keywords = {Security, Infrastructure, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY, Projekt-AgriRegio},
pages = {1--6},
}

@incollection{haunschildCulturalViolenceFragmentation2022,
title = {Cultural {Violence} and {Fragmentation} on {Social} {Media}: {Interventions} and {Countermeasures} by {Humans} and {Social} {Bots}},
isbn = {978-0-367-62674-7},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2022/2022_HaunschildKaufholdReuter_SocialMediaAndFragmentation_Routledge.pdf},
abstract = {Mobile technologies and social media services are among the socio-technological innovations that have an enormous impact transforming modern culture and political processes. Social media are often defined as a “group of internet-based applications […] that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content” (Kaplan and Haenlein 2010). Shaping opinions, politics, participation, and protest (Wulf et al. 2013), they are used by citizens for news consumption and social exchange (Robinson et al. 2017); by journalists for reporting, analyzing, and collecting information (Stieglitz et al. 2018a); and by organizations to monitor crises, emergencies, customer feedback, and sentiment, among others (Haunschild et al. 2020). Large-scale international events, such as the 2010 Arab Spring, showcased the potential of socio-technological transformations: Citizens were not passive victims but active and autonomous participants utilizing social media to coordinate protest and for crisis response (Reuter and Kaufhold 2018). However, in other cases, citizens’ activities coordinated via social media also increased the complexity of tasks and pressure for formal authorities, since the lack of state control has not had only empowering or benign effects. Instead, on social media, false information spreads fast and it is easy for groups to find an audience there, either to enhance their profit or to target vulnerable groups with dangerous ideology.},
booktitle = {Cyber {Security} {Politics}: {Socio}-{Technological} {Transformations} and {Political} {Fragmentation}},
publisher = {Routledge},
author = {Haunschild, Jasmin and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Reuter, Christian},
editor = {Cavelty, Myriam Dunn and Wenger, Andreas},
year = {2022},
keywords = {Crisis, SocialMedia, Peace, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-CYWARN, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {48--63},
}

@book{reuterEuropeanPerspectiveCrisis2022,
address = {Wiesbaden},
edition = {1},
title = {A {European} {Perspective} on {Crisis} {Informatics}: {Citizens}' and {Authorities}' attitudes towards {Social} {Media} for {Public} {Safety} and {Security}},
isbn = {978-3-658-39719-7},
url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-658-39720-3},
abstract = {Mobilising helpers in the event of a flood or letting friends know that you are okay in the event of a terrorist attack – more and more people are using social media in emergency, crisis or disaster situations. Storms, floods, attacks or pandemics (esp. COVID-19) show that citizens use social media to inform themselves or to coordinate. This thesis presents qualitative and quantitative studies on the attitudes of emergency services and citizens in Europe towards social media in emergencies. Across the individual sub-studies, almost 10,000 people are surveyed including representative studies in the Netherlands, Germany, the UK and Italy. The work empirically shows that social media is increasingly important for emergency services, both for prevention and during crises; that private use of social media is a driving force in shaping opinions for organisational use; and that citizens have high expectations towards authorities, especially monitoring social media is expected, and sometimes responses within one hour. Depending on the risk culture, the data show further differences, e.g. whether the state (Germany) or the individual (Netherlands) is seen as primarily responsible for coping with the situation.},
language = {en},
publisher = {Springer Vieweg},
author = {Reuter, Christian},
year = {2022},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39720-3},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, SocialMedia, Projekt-EmerGent, Projekt-KontiKat, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY, DissPublisher},
}

@book{buegerSecurityThreatsUndersea2022,
address = {Brussels},
title = {Security threats to undersea communications cables and infrastructure – consequences for the {EU}},
url = {https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EXPO_IDA(2022)702557},
abstract = {The EU’s subsea data cable network is both vital for global connectivity and vulnerable. This study provides a systematic review of the current security threats, as well as the actors at the origin of these threats. Building on reports and expert input, the paper takes stock of current awareness, preparedness and response mechanisms, both at the EU and Member State level. A number of recommendations suggest how to improve the resilience of the cable network. Proposals build on the need to enhance EU-wide awareness, improve coordination and share information across EU institutions and Member States. In addition, surveillance capabilities must be advanced, response and repair mechanisms strengthened, and the topic mainstreamed across external action.},
publisher = {European Parliament},
author = {Bueger, Christian and Liebetrau, Tobias and Franken, Jonas},
year = {2022},
keywords = {Student, Security, Infrastructure, Cyberwar, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@inproceedings{orlovDetectingCrisisComparison2022,
address = {Darmstadt},
series = {Mensch und {Computer} 2022 - {Workshopband}},
title = {Detecting a {Crisis}: {Comparison} of {Self}-{Reported} vs. {Automated} {Internet} {Outage} {Measuring} {Methods}},
url = {https://dl.gi.de/handle/20.500.12116/39089},
doi = {10.18420/muc2022-mci-ws10-321},
abstract = {Every day, there are internet disruptions or outages around the world that affect our daily lives. In this paper, we analyzed these events in Germany in recent years and found out how they can be detected, and what impact they have on citizens, especially in crisis situations. For this purpose, we take a look at two different approaches to recording internet outages, namely the self-reporting of citizens and automatic reporting by algorithmic examination of the availability of IP networks. We evaluate the data of six major events with regard to their meaningfulness in quality and quantity. We found that due to the amount of data and the inherent imprecision of the methods used, it is difficult to detect outages through algorithmic examination. But once an event is publicly known by self-reporting, they have advantages to capture the temporal and spatial dimensions of the outage due to its nature of objective measurements. As a result, we propose that users’ crowdsourcing can enhance the detection of outages and should be seen as an important starting point to even begin an analysis with algorithm-based techniques, but it is to ISPs and regulatory authorities to support that.},
language = {en},
booktitle = {Mensch und {Computer} 2022 - {Workshopband}},
publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik},
author = {Orlov, Denis and Möller, Simon and Düfler, Sven and Haesler, Steffen and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2022},
keywords = {HCI, Student, UsableSec, Security, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@book{reuterEuropeanPerspectiveCrisis2022a,
address = {Nijmegen},
title = {A {European} {Perspective} on {Crisis} {Informatics}: {Citizens}' and {Authorities}' attitudes towards {Social} {Media} for {Public} {Safety} and {Security}},
url = {https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/handle/2066/253000},
abstract = {Mobilising helpers in the event of a flood or letting friends know that you are okay in the event of a terrorist attack – more and more people are using social media in emergency, crisis or disaster situations. Storms, floods, attacks or pandemics (esp. COVID-19) show that citizens use social media to inform themselves or to coordinate. This thesis presents qualitative and quantitative studies on the attitudes of emergency services and citizens in Europe towards social media in emergencies. Across the individual sub-studies, almost 10,000 people are surveyed including representative studies in the Netherlands, Germany, the UK and Italy. The work empirically shows that social media is increasingly important for emergency services, both for prevention and during crises; that private use of social media is a driving force in shaping opinions for organisational use; and that citizens have high expectations towards authorities, especially monitoring social media is expected, and sometimes responses within one hour. Depending on the risk culture, the data show further differences, e.g. whether the state (Germany) or the individual (Netherlands) is seen as primarily responsible for coping with the situation.},
publisher = {The Radboud University Thesis Repository},
author = {Reuter, Christian},
year = {2022},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-39720-3},
keywords = {AuswahlCrisis, Crisis, HCI, Selected, SocialMedia, Projekt-EmerGent, Projekt-KontiKat, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY, Dissertation},
}

@article{bayerDataAugmentationNatural2022,
title = {Data {Augmentation} in {Natural} {Language} {Processing}: {A} {Novel} {Text} {Generation} {Approach} for {Long} and {Short} {Text} {Classifiers}},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13042-022-01553-3},
doi = {10.1007/s13042-022-01553-3},
abstract = {In many cases of machine learning, research suggests that the development of training data might have a higher relevance than the choice and modelling of classifiers themselves. Thus, data augmentation methods have been developed to improve classifiers by artificially created training data. In NLP, there is the challenge of establishing universal rules for text transformations which provide new linguistic patterns. In this paper, we present and evaluate a text generation method suitable to increase the performance of classifiers for long and short texts. We achieved promising improvements when evaluating short as well as long text tasks with the enhancement by our text generation method. Especially with regard to small data analytics, additive accuracy gains of up to 15.53\% and 3.56\% are achieved within a constructed low data regime, compared to the no augmentation baseline and another data augmentation technique. As the current track of these constructed regimes is not universally applicable, we also show major improvements in several real world low data tasks (up to +4.84 F1-score). Since we are evaluating the method from many perspectives (in total 11 datasets), we also observe situations where the method might not be suitable. We discuss implications and patterns for the successful application of our approach on different types of datasets.},
journal = {International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics (IJMLC)},
author = {Bayer, Markus and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Buchhold, Björn and Keller, Marcel and Dallmeyer, Jörg and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2022},
keywords = {Student, Security, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, Projekt-CYWARN, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@inproceedings{haunschildPerceptionsUseWarning2022,
address = {New York},
title = {Perceptions and {Use} of {Warning} {Apps} – {Did} {Recent} {Crises} {Lead} to {Changes} in {Germany}?},
url = {http://www.peasec.de/paper/2022/2022_HaunschildKaufholdReuter_WarningAppsChangesGermany_MuC.pdf},
doi = {10.1145/3543758.3543770},
abstract = {Warning and emergency apps are an integral part of crisis informatics and particularly relevant in countries that currently do not have cell broadcast, such as Germany. Previous studies have shown that such apps are regarded as relevant, but only around 16\% of German citizens used them in 2017 and 2019. With the COVID-19 pandemic and a devastating flash flood, Germany has recently experienced severe crisis-related losses. By comparing data from representative surveys from 2017, 2019 and 2021, this study investigates whether these events have changed the perceptions of warning apps and their usage patterns in Germany. The study shows that while multi-hazard emergency and warning apps have been easily surpassed in usage by COVID-19 contact tracing apps, the use of warning apps has also increased and the pandemic has added new desired features. While these have been little-used during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially non-users see smartphone messengers app channels as possible alternatives to warning apps. In addition, regional warning apps appear promising, possibly because they make choosing a warning app easier when there are several available on the market.},
language = {en},
booktitle = {Mensch und {Computer} - {Tagungsband}},
publisher = {ACM},
author = {Haunschild, Jasmin and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2022},
keywords = {Crisis, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-CYWARN, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@book{reuterSicherheitskritischeMenschComputerInteraktionInteraktive2021,
address = {Wiesbaden},
edition = {2},
title = {Sicherheitskritische {Mensch}-{Computer}-{Interaktion}: {Interaktive} {Technologien} und {Soziale} {Medien} im {Krisen}- und {Sicherheitsmanagement} ({Zweite} {Auflage})},
isbn = {978-3-658-32795-8},
url = {https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783658327941},
abstract = {Die zweite, aktualisierte Auflage dieses Lehr- und Fachbuchs gibt eine fundierte und praxisbezogene Einführung sowie einen Überblick über Grundlagen, Methoden und Anwendungen der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion im Kontext von Sicherheit, Notfällen, Krisen, Katastrophen, Krieg und Frieden. Dies adressierend werden interaktive, mobile, ubiquitäre und kooperative Technologien sowie soziale Medien vorgestellt. Hierbei finden klassische Themen wie benutzbare (IT-)Sicherheit, Industrie 4.0, Katastrophenschutz, Medizin und Automobil, aber auch Augmented Reality, Crowdsourcing, Shitstorm Management, Social Media Analytics und Cyberwar ihren Platz. Methodisch wird das Spektrum von Usable Safety bis Usable Security Engineering von Analyse über Design bis Evaluation abgedeckt. Das Buch eignet sich ebenso als Lehrbuch für Studierende wie als Handbuch für Wissenschaftler, Designer, Entwickler und Anwender.},
publisher = {Springer Vieweg},
author = {Reuter, Christian},
year = {2021},
keywords = {AuswahlCrisis, HCI, Selected, SocialMedia, UsableSec, Security, Projekt-KontiKat, Peace, Infrastructure, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-CYWARN, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@inproceedings{haunschildPerceptionsPoliceTechnology2021,
address = {Bonn},
title = {Perceptions of {Police} {Technology} {Use} and {Attitudes} {Towards} the {Police} - {A} {Representative} {Survey} of the {German} {Population}},
volume = {Mensch und Computer - Workshopband},
url = {http://www.peasec.de/paper/2021/2021_HaunschildReuter_PoliceTechnologyUseSurvey_MuC-WS.pdf},
doi = {10.18420/muc2021-mci-ws08-255},
abstract = {Many Germans perceive a brutalization of society, and state officials also report feeling under attack. At the same time, policing is criticised for becoming increasingly militarised and for having extended surveillance in the course of fighting terrorism. Advancements in HCI are used in the context of many of the issues that policing is facing. In this study, we conduct a representative survey of the German population to investigate personal experiences with and attitudes towards the police and information and communication technologies (ICT) used for policing. We find an overall positive image of the police and uncritical attitudes towards ICT used for general surveillance (body-worn cameras, video surveillance, face recognition) and slightly more critical attitudes towards personal surveillance (e.g. through communication data retention). The study indicates that perceptions differ according to experience of unfair treatment by the police, while other factors such as age and education have similar effects.},
booktitle = {Mensch und {Computer} 2021 - {Workshopband}},
publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e. V.},
author = {Haunschild, Jasmin and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2021},
keywords = {Security, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-CYWARN, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@inproceedings{haunschildCitizensPerceivedInformation2021,
title = {Citizens' {Perceived} {Information} {Responsibilities} and {Information} {Challenges} {During} the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},
url = {http://www.peasec.de/paper/2021/2021_HaunschildPauliReuter_InformationResponsibilitiesCovid19_GoodIT.pdf},
doi = {10.1145/3462203.3475886},
abstract = {In crises, citizens show changes in their information behavior, which is mediated by trust in sources, personal relations, online and offline news outlets and information and communication technologies such as apps and social media. Through a repeated one-week survey with closed and open questions of German citizens during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study examines citizens' perceptions of information responsibilities, their satisfaction with the fulfillment of these responsibilities and their wishes for improving the information flow. The study shows that the dynamism of the crisis and the federally varying strategies burden citizens who perceive an obligation to stay informed, but view agencies as responsible for making information readily available. The study contributes a deeper understanding of citizens' needs in crises and discusses implications for design of communication tools for dynamic situations that reduce information overload while fulfilling citizens' desire to stay informed.},
booktitle = {{GoodIT} '21: {Proceedings} of the {Conference} on {Information} {Technology} for {Social} {Good}},
author = {Haunschild, Jasmin and Pauli, Selina and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2021},
keywords = {Crisis, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {151--156},
}

@article{haeslerStrongerTogetherHow2021,
title = {Stronger {Together}: {How} {Neighborhood} {Groups} {Build} up a {Virtual} {Network} during the {COVID}-19 {Pandemic}},
volume = {5},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2021/2021_HaeslerSchmidVierneiselReuter_StrongerTogetherVirtualNetworkCOVID19_CSCW.pdf},
abstract = {During crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, people spontaneously initiate support groups, while establishedorganizations like soccer clubs set non-regular goals, both offering help. Interested in the coordination of suchhelp and potential challenges of collaboration, we conducted a virtual ethnography of a multi-level networklocated in Germany. We focused on aims, activities, and technological mediation, with Activity Theory astheoretical framework. Our findings show that the organizational aim of coordinating help was successfullyachieved by connecting heterogeneous actors through digitization and institutionalization. Enabled by thecontext of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the network acted virtually, but was also able to integrate analogspaces of help. We identified six crucial implications regarding the use of technology and collaboration forbuilding a successful volunteering network.},
number = {CSCW2},
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM: Human Computer Interaction (PACM): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing},
author = {Haesler, Steffen and Schmid, Stefka and Vierneisel, Annemike Sophia and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2021},
keywords = {AuswahlCrisis, Crisis, HCI, Selected, A-Paper, Ranking-CORE-A, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@inproceedings{haeslerConnectedSelfOrganizedCitizens2021,
address = {Virtual Event, USA},
title = {Connected {Self}-{Organized} {Citizens} in {Crises}: {An} {Interdisciplinary} {Resilience} {Concept} for {Neighborhoods}},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2021/2021_Haesleretal_ConnectedSelfOrganizedCitizensinCrises_CSCWComp.pdf},
doi = {10.1145/3462204.3481749},
abstract = {When facing major crisis events, such as earthquakes, flooding,or attacks on infrastructure, people start to organize within theirneighborhoods. While this has historically been an analog process,people now use collaboration or messenger apps to support theirself-organization. Unfortunately, these apps are not designed to beresilient and fail with communication infrastructure outages whenservers are no longer available. We provide a resilience conceptwith requirements derived from an interdisciplinary view enablingcitizens to communicate and collaborate in everyday life and duringcrisis events. Our human-centered prototype integrates conceptsof nudging for crisis preparedness, decentralized and secure com-munication, participation, smart resource management, historicalknowledge, and legal issues to help guide further research.},
booktitle = {{CSCW} '21 {Companion}: {Conference} {Companion} {Publication} of the 2021 on {Computer} {Supported} {Cooperative} {Work} and {Social} {Computing}},
publisher = {ACM},
author = {Haesler, Steffen and Mogk, Ragnark and Putz, Florentin and Logan, Kevin T. and Thiessen, Nadja and Kleinschnitger, Katharina and Baumgärtner, Lars and Stroscher, Jan-Philipp and Reuter, Christian and Knodt, Michele and Hollick, Matthias},
year = {2021},
keywords = {Crisis, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@article{haunschildNutzerSammlerEntscheidungstrager2021,
title = {Nutzer, {Sammler}, {Entscheidungsträger}? {Arten} der {Bürgerbeteiligung} in {Smart} {Cities}},
volume = {58},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2021/2021_HaunschildDemuthGeissRichterReuter_NutzerSammlerEntscheidungstragerBuergerbeteiligungSmartCities_HMD.pdf},
doi = {10.1365/s40702-021-00770-8},
abstract = {Digitalisierung ist ein präsenter Faktor in vielen Städten. So existieren bereits viele Smart-City-Initiativen, bei denen Städte versuchen, ihre Prozesse durch Erfassung und Verknüpfung von Daten, oft unter Zuhilfenahme von Datenplattformen, zu optimieren. In Anbetracht der damit einhergehenden großen Investitionen und Veränderungen wird Bürgerbeteiligung als zentraler Faktor für den Erfolg solcher Initiativen betrachtet. Bisher ist allerdings nicht klar, was typische Beteiligungsformate von Smart-City-Initiativen sind und welche Rolle(n) BürgerInnen dabei einnehmen. Dieser Beitrag leitet mittels einer Literaturanalyse zu Smart Cities ein Kategorienschema zu typischen Bürgerbeteiligungsarten ab. Die Analyse ergab, dass sich Einbindung von BürgerInnen in politische Entscheidungen und bei der Entwicklung technischer Artefakte maßgeblich auf e‑Government oder Participatory Design bezieht. Im Hinblick auf die Beteiligungsarten zeigt sich, dass Makrofabriken, Living Labs und Open-Data-Plattformen häufige Ansätze sind, um BürgerInnen als Co-Creators einzubinden. Zudem werden BürgerInnen mit Citizen Sensing zur Erfassung von Daten oder Missständen einbezogen. Dabei zeigen sich sowohl aktivere, als auch eher passive Beteiligungsarten. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Einbindung von BürgerInnen häufig entweder auf eine Beteiligung an politischen Entscheidungen oder an der Entwicklung technischer Artefakte abzielt. Auch wenn keine klare Abgrenzung möglich ist, sind diese Ansätze dann eher durch e‑Government oder Participatory Design inspiriert.},
journal = {HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik},
author = {Haunschild, Jasmin and Demuth, Kilian and Geiß, Henri-Jacques and Richter, Christian and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2021},
keywords = {HCI, Student, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@inproceedings{haunschildBridgingCrisisEveryday2021,
address = {Virtual Event, USA},
title = {Bridging from {Crisis} to {Everyday} {Life} – {An} {Analysis} of {User} {Reviews} of the {Warning} {App} {NINA} and the {COVID}-19 {Information} {Apps} {CoroBuddy} and {DarfIchDas}},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2021/2021_HaunschildReuter_UserReviewsWarningCovidApps_CSCWComp.pdf},
doi = {10.1145/3462204.3481745},
abstract = {During a dynamic and protracted crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic, citizens are continuously challenged with making decisionsunder uncertainty. In addition to evaluating the risk of their behav-iors to themselves and others, citizens also have to consider themost current regulation, which often varies federally and locallyand by incidence numbers. Few tools help to stay informed aboutthe current rules. The state-run German multi-hazard warningapp NINA incorporated a feature for COVID-19, while two apps,DarfIchDas and CoroBuddy, focus only on COVID-19 regulationand are privately run. To investigate users’ expectations, perceivedadvantages, and gaps as well as the developers’ challenges, we analyze recent app store reviews of the apps and developers’ replies.We show that the warning app and the COVID-19 regulation appsare evaluated on different terms, that the correctness and portrayalof complex rules are the main challenges and that developers andeditors are underusing users’ potential for crowdsourcing.},
booktitle = {{CSCW} '21 {Companion}: {Conference} {Companion} {Publication} of the 2021 on {Computer} {Supported} {Cooperative} {Work} and {Social} {Computing}},
publisher = {ACM},
author = {Haunschild, Jasmin and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2021},
keywords = {Crisis, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {72--78},
}

@article{egertResilientCriticalInfrastructures2021,
series = {i-com},
title = {Towards {Resilient} {Critical} {Infrastructures} - {Motivating} {Users} to {Contribute} to {Smart} {Grid} {Resilience}},
volume = {20},
url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/icom-2021-0021/html},
doi = {10.1515/icom-2021-0021},
abstract = {Smart cities aim at improving efficiency while providing safety and security by merging conventional infrastructures with information and communication technology. One strategy for mitigating hazardous situations and improving the overall resilience of the system is to involve citizens. For instance, smart grids involve prosumers - capable of producing and consuming electricity - who can adjust their electricity profile dynamically (i.e., decrease or increase electricity consumption), or use their local production to supply electricity to the grid. This mitigates the impact of peak-consumption periods on the grid and makes it easier for operators to control the grid. This involvement of prosumers is accompanied by numerous socio-technical challenges, including motivating citizens to contribute by adjusting their electricity consumption to the requirements of the energy grid. Towards this end, this work investigates motivational strategies and tools, including nudging, persuasive technologies, and incentives, that can be leveraged to increase the motivation of citizens. We discuss long-term and side effects and ethical and privacy considerations, before portraying bug bounty programs, gamification and apps as technologies and strategies to communicate the motivational strategies to citizens.},
number = {2},
journal = {i-com - Journal of Interactive Media},
author = {Egert, Rolf and Gerber, Nina and Haunschild, Jasmin and Kuehn, Philipp and Zimmermann, Verena},
year = {2021},
keywords = {Security, Infrastructure, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-CYWARN, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {161--175},
}

@inproceedings{kaufholdWarningPublicSurvey2020,
title = {Warning the {Public}: {A} {Survey} on {Attitudes}, {Expectations} and {Use} of {Mobile} {Crisis} {Apps} in {Germany}},
url = {http://www.peasec.de/paper/2020/2020_KaufholdHaunschildReuter_WarningthePublic_ECIS.pdf},
abstract = {As part of information systems, the research field of crisis informatics increasingly investigates the potentials and limitations of mobile crisis apps, which constitute a relatively new public service for citizens and are specifically designed for the dissemination of disaster‐related information and communication between authorities, organizations and citizens. While existing crisis apps, such as KATWARN or NINA in Germany, focus on preparatory information and warning functionality, there is a need for apps and research on police-related functionality, such as information on cybercrime, fraud offences, or search for missing persons. Based on a workshop with civil protection (N=12) and police officers (N=15), we designed a questionnaire and conducted a representative survey of German citizens (N=1.219) on the past, current and future use, perceived helpfulness, deployment and behavioural preferences, configurability and most important functionality of mobile crisis apps. Our results indicate that in addition to emergency and weather warnings, crime- and health-related warnings are also desired by many, as is the possibility for bidirectional communication. People also want one central app and are resistant to installing more than one crisis app. Furthermore, there are few significant differences between socioeconomic groups.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {European} {Conference} on {Information} {Systems} ({ECIS})},
publisher = {AIS},
author = {Kaufhold, Marc-André and Haunschild, Jasmin and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Crisis, A-Paper, Ranking-VHB-B, Ranking-WKWI-A, Ranking-CORE-A, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-ATHENE-FANCY, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@inproceedings{reuterMobileResilienceDesigning2020,
title = {Mobile {Resilience}: {Designing} {Mobile} {Interactive} {Systems} for {Societal} and {Technical} {Resilience}},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3406324.3424590},
doi = {10.1145/3406324.3424590},
abstract = {Digitalization and interconnectedness, facilitated by the Internet of Things (IoT) and the widespread distribution of mobile devices, can be used to tackle important societal challenges. This is maybe most prominently visible in the response to the COVID-2019 Pandemic. However, the design of mobile technology, functionality and underlying infrastructures must be resilient against disruptions caused by man-made (e.g. bombings, hacking) and natural (e.g. earthquakes, hurricanes) crises, emergencies and threats. To explore challenges, designs and potentials of interactive technologies, this workshop investigates the overlapping space of mobile technologies and resilient systems, including future application domains such as smart cities.},
booktitle = {{MobileHCI} '20: 22nd {International} {Conference} on {Human}-{Computer} {Interaction} with {Mobile} {Devices} and {Services}},
author = {Reuter, Christian and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Comes, Tina and Knodt, Michèle and Mühlhäuser, Max},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, SocialMedia, Ranking-CORE-B, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-CYWARN, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {1--3},
}

@inproceedings{reuterSecureUrbanInfrastructures2020,
address = {Magdeburg},
title = {Towards {Secure} {Urban} {Infrastructures}: {Cyber} {Security} {Challenges} to {Information} and {Communication} {Technology} in {Smart} {Cities}},
url = {https://dl.gi.de/bitstream/handle/20.500.12116/33550/muc2020-ws-408.pdf},
doi = {10.18420/muc2020-ws117-408},
abstract = {The growth of cities continues to be a global megatrend. As more and more people live in urban areas and urban services and infrastructures are under growing strain, technologies are increasingly being researched and used to make city life more efficient and comfortable. As a result, so-called “Smart Cities” have complex IT infrastructures and cyber-physical systems such as sensor/actuator networks for the general population and are developing worldwide. Urban infrastructure must be secured against attacks, ensuring reliable and resilient services for citizens as well as privacy and data security. This paper introduces selected challenges faced by infrastructure providers, citizens and decision-makers in handling attacks aimed at information and communication technologies (ICT) of urban infrastructures and presents current research avenues for tackling cyberattacks and for developing tools for creating, portraying and disseminating actiona-ble information as one important response to security challenges. It then presents findings from a representative survey conducted in Germany (N=1091) on the experiences and perceptions of citizens concerning the relevance of cyberat-tacks will be presented.},
booktitle = {Mensch und {Computer} 2020 - {Workshopband}},
publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.},
author = {Reuter, Christian and Haunschild, Jasmin and Hollick, Matthias and Mühlhäuser, Max and Vogt, Joachim and Kreutzer, Michael},
editor = {Hansen, C. and Nürnberger, A. and Preim, B.},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Crisis, UsableSec, Security, Infrastructure, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {1--7},
}

@article{reuterEmergencyServiceStaff2020,
title = {Emergency {Service} {Staff} and {Social} {Media} – {A} {Comparative} {Empirical} {Study} of the {Perception} by {Emergency} {Services} {Members} in {Europe} in 2014 and 2017},
volume = {46},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2020/2020_ReuterKaufholdSpahrSpielhoferHahne_EmergencyServiceSocialMediaAttitude20142017_IJDRR.pdf},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101516},
abstract = {Finding a way to ensure an effective use of social media has become increasingly important to emergency services over the past decade. Despite all efforts to determine the utility of social media for emergency organisations, it is necessary to benefit from such institutions' staffs' opinions to establish effective use. To provide empirical evidence we present a comparison of two surveys, conducted across Europe with emergency services in 2014 and 2017 respectively, with a total of 1169 answers. The analysis shows that personal experience has an effect on how organisational usage of social media is perceived and how emergency service staff view the future use of social media. Furthermore, the use has increased. This article not only shows emergency services what their staff think about their social media usage but also discusses challenges and future directions for the design of systems that can be useful for further development of optimized organisational social media usage.},
number = {101516},
journal = {International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction (IJDRR)},
author = {Reuter, Christian and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Spahr, Fabian and Spielhofer, Thomas and Hahne, Anna Sophie},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Crisis, SocialMedia, Student, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, Projekt-emergenCITY},
}

@article{stuteEmpiricalInsightsDesigning2020,
title = {Empirical {Insights} for {Designing} {Information} and {Communication} {Technology} for {International} {Disaster} {Response}},
volume = {47},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420919309501},
doi = {10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101598},
abstract = {Due to the increase in natural disasters in the past years, Disaster Response Organizations (DROs) are faced with the challenge of coping with more and larger operations. Currently appointed Information and Communications Technology (ICT) used for coordination and communication is sometimes outdated and does not scale, while novel technologies have the potential to greatly improve disaster response efficiency. To allow adoption of these novel technologies, ICT system designers have to take into account the particular needs of DROs and characteristics of International Disaster Response (IDR). This work attempts to bring the humanitarian and ICT communities closer together. In this work, we analyze IDR-related documents and conduct expert interviews. Using open coding, we extract empirical insights and translate the peculiarities of DRO coordination and operation into tangible ICT design requirements. This information is based on interviews with active IDR staff as well as DRO guidelines and reports. Ultimately, the goal of this paper is to serve as a reference for future ICT research endeavors to support and increase the efficiency of IDR operations.},
number = {101598},
journal = {International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction (IJDRR)},
author = {Stute, Milan and Maass, Max and Schons, Tom and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Reuter, Christian and Hollick, Matthias},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Crisis, Student, UsableSec, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {1--10},
}

@article{kaufholdRapidRelevanceClassification2020,
title = {Rapid relevance classification of social media posts in disasters and emergencies: {A} system and evaluation featuring active, incremental and online learning},
volume = {57},
url = {https://peasec.de/paper/2020/2020_KaufholdBayerReuter_RapidRelevanceClassification_IPM.pdf},
abstract = {The research field of crisis informatics examines, amongst others, the potentials and barriers of social media use during disasters and emergencies. Social media allow emergency services to receive valuable information (e.g., eyewitness reports, pictures, or videos) from social media. However, the vast amount of data generated during large-scale incidents can lead to issue of information overload. Research indicates that supervised machine learning techniques are sui- table for identifying relevant messages and filter out irrelevant messages, thus mitigating in- formation overload. Still, they require a considerable amount of labeled data, clear criteria for relevance classification, a usable interface to facilitate the labeling process and a mechanism to rapidly deploy retrained classifiers. To overcome these issues, we present (1) a system for social media monitoring, analysis and relevance classification, (2) abstract and precise criteria for re- levance classification in social media during disasters and emergencies, (3) the evaluation of a well-performing Random Forest algorithm for relevance classification incorporating metadata from social media into a batch learning approach (e.g., 91.28\%/89.19\% accuracy, 98.3\%/89.6\% precision and 80.4\%/87.5\% recall with a fast training time with feature subset selection on the European floods/BASF SE incident datasets), as well as (4) an approach and preliminary eva- luation for relevance classification including active, incremental and online learning to reduce the amount of required labeled data and to correct misclassifications of the algorithm by feed- back classification. Using the latter approach, we achieved a well-performing classifier based on the European floods dataset by only requiring a quarter of labeled data compared to the tradi- tional batch learning approach. Despite a lesser effect on the BASF SE incident dataset, still a substantial improvement could be determined.},
number = {1},
journal = {Information Processing \& Management (IPM)},
author = {Kaufhold, Marc-André and Bayer, Markus and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Crisis, SocialMedia, A-Paper, Ranking-ImpactFactor, Ranking-CORE-A, Ranking-WKWI-B, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY, AuswahlKaufhold},
pages = {1--32},
}

@inproceedings{haunschildStickingLandlinesCitizens2020,
address = {Potsdam, Germany},
title = {Sticking with {Landlines}? {Citizens}' and {Police} {Social} {Media} {Use} and {Expectation} {During} {Emergencies}},
url = {http://www.peasec.de/paper/2020/2020_HaunschildKaufholdReuter_SocialMediaPoliceSurvey_WI.pdf},
doi = {10.30844/wi_2020_o2-haunschild},
abstract = {Crisis informatics has examined the use, potentials and weaknesses of social media in emergencies across different events (e.g., man-made, natural or hybrid), countries and heterogeneous participants (e.g., citizens or emergency services) for almost two decades. While most research analyzes specific cases, few studies have focused on citizens' perceptions of different social media platforms in emergencies using a representative sample. Basing our questionnaire on a workshop with police officers, we present the results of a representative study on citizens' perception of social media in emergencies that we conducted in Germany. Our study suggests that when it comes to emergencies, socio-demographic differences are largely insignificant and no clear preferences for emergency services' social media strategies exist. Due to the widespread searching behavior on some platforms, emergency services can reach a wide audience by turning to certain channels but should account for groups with distinct preferences.},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the {International} {Conference} on {Wirtschaftsinformatik} ({WI}) ({Best} {Paper} {Social} {Impact} {Award})},
publisher = {AIS Electronic Library (AISel)},
author = {Haunschild, Jasmin and Kaufhold, Marc-André and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Crisis, Ranking-CORE-C, Ranking-VHB-C, Ranking-WKWI-A, Projekt-MAKI, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {1--16},
}

@inproceedings{haeslerCrisisVolunteeringNerds2020,
title = {Crisis {Volunteering} {Nerds}: {Three} {Months} {After} {COVID}-19 {Hackathon} \#{WirVsVirus}},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3406324.3424584},
doi = {10.1145/3406324.3424584},
abstract = {The hackathon \#WirVsVirus in March 2020 was one of the biggest hackathons in history. Under the patronage of the federal government of Germany, 28,361 participants worked together in 1,498 projects, finding innovative apps and solutions against the COVID-19 pandemic. Three months after the event, we present an exemplifying analysis of the topics, used technologies and remaining activity of these projects. Shedding light on this instance of citizen science allows to highlight the potential of hackathons and startup culture regarding socio-technological resilience. At the same time, it may be understood as an impulse for crisis informatics to consider new forms of volunteering in the course of crisis management.},
booktitle = {{MobileHCI} '20: 22nd {International} {Conference} on {Human}-{Computer} {Interaction} with {Mobile} {Devices} and {Services}},
publisher = {ACM},
author = {Haesler, Steffen and Schmid, Stefka and Reuter, Christian},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Crisis, HCI, Projekt-ATHENE-SecUrban, Projekt-emergenCITY},
pages = {1--56},
}